![]() These early reports were free from ascertainment bias because they were based on signs and symptoms before the Huanan market was identified as a shared risk factor ( 5). The initial diagnoses of COVID-19 were made in several hospitals independently between 18 and 29 December 2019 ( 5). These first cases were confirmed to be infected with a novel coronavirus, subsequently named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and were suffering from a disease later named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Of the initial 41 people hospitalized with unknown pneumonia by 2 January 2020, 27 (66%) had direct exposure to the Huanan Wholesale Seafood Market (hereafter, “Huanan market”) ( 2, 5, 6). On 31 December 2019, the Chinese government notified the World Health Organization (WHO) of an outbreak of severe pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China ( 1– 4), a city of ~11 million people. Although there is insufficient evidence to define upstream events, and exact circumstances remain obscure, our analyses indicate that the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 occurred through the live wildlife trade in China and show that the Huanan market was the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. We report that live SARS-CoV-2–susceptible mammals were sold at the market in late 2019 and that within the market, SARS-CoV-2–positive environmental samples were spatially associated with vendors selling live mammals. We show here that the earliest known COVID-19 cases from December 2019, including those without reported direct links, were geographically centered on this market. ![]() The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China, was identified as a likely source of cases in early reports, but later this conclusion became controversial. Understanding how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019 is critical to preventing future zoonotic outbreaks before they become the next pandemic. The precise events surrounding virus spillover will always be clouded, but all of the circumstantial evidence so far points to more than one zoonotic event occurring in Huanan market in Wuhan, China, likely during November–December 2019. found that genomic diversity before February 2020 comprised two distinct viral lineages, A and B, which were the result of at least two separate cross-species transmission events into humans (see the Perspective by Jiang and Wang). Within the market, the data statistically located the earliest human cases to one section where vendors of live wild animals congregated and where virus-positive environmental samples concentrated. These reports confirm that most of the earliest human cases centered around the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. amassed the variety of evidence from the City of Wuhan, China, where the first human infections were reported. ![]() However, the origins of the pandemic in December 2019 are controversial. Andersen +15 authors +13 authors +8 authors fewer Authors Info & AffiliationsĪs 2019 turned into 2020, a coronavirus spilled over from wild animals into people, sparking what has become one of the best documented pandemics to afflict humans. Holmes, Andrew Rambaut, and Kristian G. ![]() Levy, , Lorena Malpica Serrano, Alexander Crits-Christoph, , Jonathan E.
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